Table of Contents

Where to Get More [Free] Content ix

Introduction x

Chapter 1 Atomic Structure 1

1 Periodic Table

i Atomic Identity

2 Electron Configurations

i Principal Energy Levels

ii Orbitais and Subsheils

3 Ion Formation

4 Coulomb's Law

i Electron Potential Energy

ii Photoelectron Spectroscopy Concepts

iii Interpreting PES

iv Studying Atoms

5 Periodic Trends

i Atomic Radius

ii Ionization Energy

iii Electronegativity

6 Bonding

i Ionic

ii Covalent

iii Network Covalent Bonds

iv Metallic

Chapter 2 Convalent Bonding and Intermolecular Forces

1 Sharing is Caring

2 Lewis Structures

i Bond Order & Type

ii Resonance Structures Involve the Shifting of Electrons

iii Isomers Involve the Rearrangement of Atoms

3 Advanced Lewis Structures

i Formal Charge

ii Violations of the Octet Rule

4 Molecular Geometry

i Steps for using VSEPR to Determine Molecular Shape

ii Polarity

iii Symmetry Predicts Polarity

iv Steps for Determining Polarity

v Hybridization

5 Intermolecular Forces [IMFs]

i Particulate Representations of IMFs

ii Four Main Types of IMFs

6 Effects of IMFs on Physical Properties

i Vapor Pressure

ii Melting & Boiling Point

iii Surface Tension

iv Solubility

v Graphic Solubility of Compounds Is Determined by "Like" Polarity

vi Crystalline vs. Amorphous Solids

7 Biological System Properties

i Enzyme Catalysis

ii Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

8 Solutions

i Molar Concentration: Molarity, M

ii Chromatography

iii Distillation: Separation by Boiling Point

Chapter 3 Stoichiometry, Precipitations, Reactions, and Gas Law 61

1 Changing Matter

i Chemical vs. Physical Changes

ii Basic Reaction Types

2 Basic Stoichiometry

t Balancing Chemical Equations

ii Law of Conservation of Mass

iii The Mole Concept

iv Solving Stoichiometry Problems

v Particle Conversion Using Avogadro's Number

3 Empirical and Molecular Formulas

i Percent Composition by Mass

ii Determining the Empirical Formula from Combustion Analysis

4 Solutions

i Dissolution Diagrams (aka Particulate Diagrams)

ii Conductivity of Ionic Solutions

5 Precipitation Reactions

i Types of Equations

ii Particulate Diagrams of Precipitation Reactions

iii Gravimetric Analysis

6 Kinetic Molecular Theory

i Definition of STP Conditions

ii Deviations from the Ideal

7 Gas Law

iii Maxwell-Boltzmann Diagrams

iv Effusion Gas Laws

i Unit Conversions

ii Combined Gas Law

iii Ideal Gas Law

iv Partial Pressures

8 Gas Stoichiometry

i Stoichiometric Calculations Gases at STP: A Shortcut!

ii ICE Charts

iii Density and Molar Mass

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry 99

1 Thermal Energy

i Temperature and Heat

ii Specific Heat

iii Work It [Let Me Work It]

2 Enthalpy

3 Calculating H⁰_rnx

i Calorimetry

ii Enthalpies of Formation

iii Bond Enthalpies

iv Hess's Law

4 Heating & Cooling Curves

5 Entropy

i Absolute Entropy

6 Reaction Favorability

i Gibbs Free Energy

ii Temperature Effects

iii Overcoming Unfavorable δG Values

Chapter 5 Equilibrium and the Solubility Product Constant

1 Equilibrium Concepts

2 The Equilibrium Constant

i K_c vs. K_p

ii K_ep and Reaction Favorability

iii Manipulating K_eq

3 Equilibrium Stressors

i Le Châtelier's Principle

ii Experimentally Measurable Shifts

iii The Reaction Quotient

iv ICE charts

v K_sp vs. Molar Solubility

vi Ion vs. Mass Solid During Evaporation

vii Solving K_sp Problems

viii Common Ion Effect

ix Q and K_sp

Chapter 6 Redox Reactions and Electrchemistry 141

1 Oxidation States

2 Redox Reactions

i Half-Reactions

ii Common Redox Reactions

3 Redox Titrations

4 Electrochemistry

i Units

ii Voltaic Cells

iii Cell Potential

iv Non-Standard Conditions

5 Electrochemistry Flow Chart

6 Electrolytic Cells

i Hydrolysis

ii Electroplating

Chapter 7 Acids and Bases 163

1 Definitions

i Arrhenius

2 Strength

i Strong Acids/Bases

ii Weak Acids

iii Polyprotic Acids

iv Percent Dissociation

v Binary Acids and Oxoacids

3 Acid/Base Reactions

i Salt Hydrolysis

ii Concentration Effects

iii pH Change

4 Buffers

i Henderson-Hasselbalch

5 Titrations

i Indicators

ii Weak Acid/Strong Base Titrations

iii Weak Base/Strong Acid Titrations

iv Polyprotic Titrations

Chapter 8 Kinetics 185

1 Factors Affecting Rate

i Rate of Collisions

ii Collision Orientation

iii Activation Energy

iv Rate of Disappearance/Appearance

2 Rate Laws

i Reaction Orders

3 First Order = Constant Half-Life

4 Experimental Design

i Beer's Law (You Don't Have to Be 21 Though)

5 Reaction Mechanisms

i Determining Rate Laws

ii Catalysts and Intermediates