Table of Contents

Where to get More [Free] Content xiii

Introduction xiv

Chapter 1 Chemistry of Life 1

1 Organization of Life

2 Essential Elements of Life

3 Water, H₂O

i Water Is a Versatile Solvent

ii Water Molecules Are Cohesive and Adhesive

iii Water Expands When It Freezes

iv Water Can Moderate Temperature Changes

4 Biological Macromolecules

i Dehydration Synthesis

5 Carbohydrates

i Monosaccharides

ii Disaccharides

iii Polysaccharides

6 Proteins

i Amino Acids

ii Protein Structure

7 Lipids

i Triglycerides

ii Phospholipids

iii Cholesterol

8 Nucleic Acids

i Nucleotides

ii DNA

iii DNA vs. RNA

iv Genomes

Chapter 2 Cells 27

1 Living Things

2 What Are the Different Types of Cells?

i Prokaryotic Cells

ii Eukaryotic Cells

3 Organelles

i Plasma Membrane

ii The Nucleus

iii Ribosomes

iv Endoplasmic Reticulum

v Golgi Bodies

vi Mitochondria

vii Cell Wall

viii Chloroplasts

ix Lysosomes

x Centrioles

xi Vacuoles

xii Cytoskeleton

4 Differences in Cell Types

5 Cellular Transport: The Traffic Across Membranes

i Surface Area to Volume Ratio

ii What Passes Through the Membrane?

iii Diffusion and Osmosis

iv Passive Transport

v Active Transport

vi Endocytosis and Exocytosis

6 Cell Junctions

7 Cell Communication

Chapter 3 Cellular Energetics 47

1 Bioenergetics

2 Thermodynamics

i Energy in Reactions

ii Types of Reactions

3 Enzymes

i Binding Partners

ii Enzyme Regulation

iii Regulating Enzymes in Biochemical Pathways

4 Powering Biological Reactions: ATP

5 Aerobic Cell Respiration

i Carbon Flow

ii Energy Flow

iii Locations and Net Output

iv Electron Transport Chain

6 Anaerobic Cell Respiration

Chapter 4 Molecular Genetics 69

1 DNA = Heredity

i Why Is DNA Important?

2 DNA Replication

i Important Key Points about DNA Replication

ii DNA Replication Requires Many Enzymes

iii Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

3 Protein Synthesis

i Types of RNA

ii Transcription

iii DNA Replication vs. Transcription

iv The Genetic Code

v Translation

4 Mutations

i Where Do Mutations Come From?

5 Controlling Gene Expression

i Structure of a Gene

6 Applying Molecular Biology

i Definitions

ii Reagents

7 Viruses

i Lytic Cycle

ii Lysogenic Cycle

iii Transduction

iv Retroviruses

Chapter 5 Heredity and Genetics 99

1 Mendelian Genetics

i Genotype vs. Phenotype

ii Haploid vs. Diploid

iii Chromosome vs. Chromatid

iv Genetic Crosses and Generations

v Monohybrid Cross

vi Dihybrid Cross

vii Testcross

viii Probabilities in Genetics Problems

ix Mendelian Genetics Example

2 Creating New Phenotypes

3 Beyond Mendelian Genetics

i Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes

ii X-Linked Inheritance

iii Autosomal Traits Affected by Sex

iv Autosomal Inheritance in Humans

v Non-Nuclear Inheritance

Chapter 6 Ecolutionary Biology 129

1 Natural Selection

i Evolutionary Fitness

2 Genetic Variation Is Essential For Natural Selection

i Mutation

ii Recombination

iii Gene Transfer

3 Environmental Selective Pressure

i Advantageous Phenotypes Are Selected by Environmental Conditions

ii Selection Results in Evolutionary Change

4 Evidence For Evolution

i Biogeographical Evidence

ii Molecular Evidence

iii Phyiogenetic Trees

iv Comparative Anatomy

5 Beginnings of Life and Speciation Events

i The Origins of Life on Earth

ii Evolution in Motion

iii Adaptations

iv Speciation

6 Population Genetics

i Genetic Diversity Increases the Survival Rate of a Population

ii Environmental Instability Increases Evolution Rates

iii Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

iv Hardy-Weinberg Equations

Chapter 7 Cell Reproduction 151

1 The Cell Cycle

i S Phase and DNA Replication

ii Cell Cycle Control

iii The Cell Cycle

2 Cancer

3 Mitosis

i Machinery of Mitosis

ii Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromoso

4 Meiosis

i Meiosis I

ii Meiosis II

iii Products of Meiosis

1 Nondisjunction

Chapter 8 Animals Structure and Function 175

1 Specialized Body Systems Interact

i Main Body Systems

2 The Immune System

i Non-specific Responses

ii Specific Immune Responses

3 The Nervous System

i Neurons

ii Parts of the Nervous System

iii How Neurons Communicate

4 The Endocrine System

i Hormones

ii Secondary Messengers

iii Feedback

5 Embryonic Development

i Induction

ii Differentiation

iii Stem Cells

iv Apoptosis

Chapter 9 Behavior and Ecology 197

1 Ecosystems, Communities, and Populations

i Ecosystems

ii Community

iii Population and Growth

2 Behavior

i Innate and Learned Behaviors

ii Examples of Behavior

3 Disruptions to Ecosystems

i The Importance of Biodiversity

ii Invasive Species

iii Keystone Species

iv Human Impact

v Natural Disasters

vi Ecological Succession

Chapter 10 Quantitative Biology and Biostatistics 217

1 Data Representations

i Things to Look For

ii Pie Graph

iii Histogram

iv Bar Graph

v Line Graph

vi Box and Whisker

vii Scatterplot

2 Types of Experiments

i Scientific Method

ii Time-Course Experiments

iii Comparative Experiments

iv Association Experiments

3 Probability

i The "AND" Rule

ii The "EITHER/OR" Rule

4 Statistical Significance

i p-values

ii Standard Deviation

iii Standard Error of the Mean

iv Chi-square Goodness of Fit Test

Chapter 11 Plants

1 Plant Cells VS. Animal Cells

2 Plant Structure

i Plant Growth

ii Roots

iii Stems

iv Leaves

v Vascular Tissue

3 Photosynthesis

i Chloroplast Structure

ii Photosynthesis Key Points

iii Light Reactions

iv Dark Reactions

v Summary of Photosynthesis

4 Taxonomy of Plants

i Characteristics of Plants

ii Alternation of Generations

iii Bryophyte Reproduction

iv Angiosperm Reproduction

v Vegetative Propagation

5 Plant Behavior and Communication

i Tropisms